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lexeme

Definition:

The fundamental unit of the lexicon (or word stock) of a language. Some lexemes (such as put up with) consist of more than one word.

Etymology:
From the Greek, "word, speech"

Examples and Observations:
  • "A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant, jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music, and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in English. The headwords in a dictionary are all lexemes."
    (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003)
  • "In many cases it makes no difference whether we take a syntactic or a lexical perspective. Lexemes such as the and and are invariable, i.e., there is only one word corresponding to each. Also invariable are lexemes like efficiently: although more efficiently is in some respects like harder, it is not a single word, but a sequence of two, and hence efficiently and more efficiently are not forms of a single lexeme. Variable lexemes, by contrast, are those which have two or more forms. Where we need to make clear that we are considering an item as a lexeme, not a word, we will represent it in bold italics. Hard, for example, represents the lexeme which has hard and harder--and also hardest--as its forms. Similarly are and is, along with be, been, being, etc., are forms of the lexeme be. . . . A variable lexeme is thus a word-sized lexical item considered in abstraction from grammatical properties that vary depending on the syntactic construction in which it appears."
    (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffroy Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002)
Pronunciation: LECK-seem

source: grammar.about.com

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Remember at the time when U say that

Don't know why suddenly i remember that, the time when u said something special to me. actually i didn't think bout it first, i doubt what u had said because i didn't  know u yet.. we just met and it was strange for me found a man like as u said luv words.

o.k, perhaps it would be a good star for us to know each other. in the begining, it was fine indeed. u showed the best conversation that u had. u made me comfort to talk bout everything i wanted to know. especially bout knowledge. u were very kind, polite, patient and not rude!

after a few weeks, u said if u luv me "i just wanna say i luv u". and u said that status was not important. day.. day.. week.. week.. had passed. then u asked a status from me. are u sure? didn't u remember what had u said last time??? well, at least i followed u. so, since that we were dating.

everything was alright about 2 months, then a problem came one by one. u began to judge me anything bout my life. i knew, u wanted the best for me, but please "don't be rude". u had hurted me dear.. :(
u beg apologize me after that.. and i forgave u. i told u that i didn't want u to be rude again.

if u know... 
i am not accustomed with rant.
when i hear that, 
it must be so hurt for me.
so hurt dear.. :)
and i hope u know if i wanna alone now.
thanks a lot, because u have made me strong than before.
thanks... 

to: someone there.

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Tenses Tutorial


To my "PBI" friends, there is a great tenses tutorial. if u wanna try to do it, just copas here ^_^

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html

enjoy n dont ever give up to try it :)
Good Luck!

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lanjutan diary tentang musik keras

Akhirnya hari yang tdk ditunggu datang juga, hehe. kuliah speaking nyanyi lagu "dont stop" yg kmrn aku bilang musik keras (menurutku lho). gak kebayang aku mau nyanyi lagu itu di depan tmn2 di kelas, hmm. cukup nyanyi buat diri sendiri aja deh :P.

sementara tmn2 berebut pengen maju nyanyi buat nyari nilai, aku nyandar di pundak tmn. kaya' yg orang sunda bilang "bodo teing" sama sekeliling. weh weh weeeehh... ternyata usut punya usut, aku sakit. hohoho. baru sadar, tapi sakit apa ya??? :D.

pasrah, gak dapet nilai. gmn bs smangat kalo lemes gini. yg ada nyanyinya asal2an, nilai gak sempurna.

Tapi. . . . ,

Alhamdulillah.... rencana Tuhan itu selalu indah, ada sesi acting buat yg belum dapet nilai. kalo Tuhan gak merencanakan ini kan nilai ku beneran kosong :)

ada yang aneh dari sesi acting, but... just keep on my mind. i think its not important to share bcz its really just acting. sorry if i make u curious.. V^_^.

thx very much God... U've given me other opportunity to get mark.
U know how important thing it's for me, so U gave it to me the last :)

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subhanallah, cantiknya ^_^















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Misteri Ka`bah dan Sejarah Hajar Aswad

Neil Amstrong telah membuktikan bahwa kota Mekah adalah pusat dari planet Bumi. Fakta ini telah di diteliti melalui sebuah penelitian Ilmiah. Ketika Neil Amstrong untuk pertama kalinya melakukan perjalanan ke luar angkasa dan mengambil gambar planet Bumi, di berkata : Planet Bumi ternyata menggantung di area yang sangat gelap, siapa yang menggantungnya ?

Para astronot telah menemukan bahwa planet Bumi itu mengeluarkan semacam radiasi, secara resmi mereka mengumumkannya di Internet, tetapi sayang nya 21 hari kemudian website tersebut raib yang sepertinya ada asalan tersembunyi dibalik penghapusan website tersebut.

Setelah melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut, ternyata radiasi tersebut berpusat di kota Mekah, tepatnya berasal dari Ka'Bah. Yang mengejutkan adalah radiasi tersebut bersifat infinite ( tidak berujung ), hal ini terbuktikan ketika mereka mengambil foto planet Mars, radiasi tersebut masih berlanjut terus. Para peneliti Muslim mempercayai bahwa radiasi ini memiliki karakteristik dan menghubungkan antara Ka'Bah di di planet Bumi dengan Ka'bah di alam akhirat.

Di tengah-tengah antara kutub utara dan kutub selatan, ada suatu area yang bernama Zero Magnetism Area, artinya adalah apabila kita mengeluarkan kompas di area tersebut, maka jarum kompas tersebut tidak akan bergerak sama sekali karena daya tarik yang sama besarnya antara kedua kutub.

Itulah sebabnya jika seseorang tinggal di Mekah, maka ia akan hidup lebih lama, lebih sehat, dan tidak banyak dipengaruhi oleh banyak kekuatan gravitasi. Oleh sebab itu lah ketika kita mengelilingi Ka'Bah, maka seakan-akan diri kita di-charged ulang oleh suatu energi misterius dan ini adalah fakta yang telah dibuktikan secara ilmiah.

Penelitian lainnya mengungkapkan bahwa batu Hajar Aswad merupakan batu tertua di dunia dan juga bisa mengambang di air. Di sebuah musium di negara Inggris, ada tiga buah potongan batu tersebut ( dari Ka'Bah ) dan pihak musium juga mengatakan bahwa bongkahan batu-batu tersebut bukan berasal dari sistem tata surya kita.

Dalam salah satu sabdanya, Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Hajar Aswad itu diturunkan dari surga, warnanya lebih putih daripada susu, dan dosa-dosa anak cucu Adamlah yang menjadikannya hitam. ( Jami al-Tirmidzi al-Hajj (877)

Asal dan Sejarah Hajar Aswad >> http://muslimgaul.do.am/blog/misteri_ka_96_bah_dan_hajar_aswad/2010-09-18-136

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The Noun Phrase (or noun group) in English

Two simple "rules" govern the use of the noun group in English.

1) The essential parts of a noun group
Unless a noun is used in a generalising sense (see articles), a noun group consists or at least the following elements: a determiner and a noun.
    A determiner is one of the following: an article (the, a, an, some, any), a quantifier (no, few, a few, many, etc.), a possessive (my, your, whose, the man's, etc.), a demonstrative (this, that, these, those), a numeral (one, two, three etc.) or a question word (which, whose, how many, etc.).

     Except in some very rare cases, a noun can only be preceded by ONE determiner:

   Examples: the man, some women, a few dogs, your horse, the man's horse* , that car, whose money,  how many bottles?
     (In this example, the man's horse* there appear to be two determiners before horse, but in fact there is only one: the determiner before horse is the man, and the article the is the determiner of the word  man.)


2) Other parts of a noun group.
A noun group can also contain one or more modifiers; a modifier is an adjective, an adjectival phrase, a secondary noun, a prepositional phrase or a relative clause.
The principal noun in a noun group is called the head noun.

  • Adjectives are placed before the head noun: as in the Great Gatsby
       
    (Click here for How to place adjectives in the right order)
  • Adjective phrases usually come before the head noun:  as in:
        a black-and-white striped vest
        
    a rather tight-fitting dress
  • Secondary nouns behave exactly like adjectives, and  come before the head noun:
     a beer glass,  the police inspector,  a London bus
  • Prepositional phrases and relative clauses follow the head noun, as in:
       the students in our class   or  the girl who gave me her phone-number.
Put all this together, and we get a complex noun group, such as:

   The nice old-fashioned police inspector with white hair, who was drinking his beer, was Mr. Morse.

3 Some common exceptions
Sometimes an adjective or an adjectival phrase will follow the noun, or appear to do so. There are three cases that need to be noted:
  • A very few adjectives always follow the noun: concerned (in the sense of "being talked about"), and involved (in the sense of "participating", or "being present") are the two common ones.
  • Other participial adjectives (such as left, remaining, missing) appear to be used as adjectives that follow the noun; in reality, they are elliptical forms of a relative clause that has become reduced to a single word.
  • Adjectives follow the noun when the adjectives themselves are post-modified (defined) by a following phrase.
Examples.
     There's been an outbreak of flu, but there are only fifteen people concerned
     After the fight, the police arrested the men involved.
      Oh look ! there is only one chocolate left !!
      We can't go yet !! There are still three people missing
      There was a crowd bigger than last year.

source: linguapress.com

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Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex

Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand.  
 
This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples.  The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow.   After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties.  

SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.  


A. Some students like to study in the mornings.
B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences.  Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.  Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.  

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red. 

A.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. 
B.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 
C.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences.  Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it.  Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses.  Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators.  In sentence B, which action occurred first?  Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping.  In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first.  In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping."  How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses?  What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence? 

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. 
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma.  The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there.  In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence.  

COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause.  The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined. 

A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics.
B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
C. The house which AbrahAM  Lincoln was born in is still standing.
D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

source: www.eslbee.com

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